Gas Flux over Sea Ice ------------- We observed amount of gas exchange between sea ice and atmosphere. At the ice station, semi-automated chambers developed in Japan, were used for measurement of air-sea ice CO2 flux. These chambers could be used to examine spatial variability and also temporal variability of gas flux over sea ice. Samples were also taken from the snow and ice in order to measure CH4 and VOC, however these analyses will be conducted post-voyage. This metadata record will be updated in future to reflect the analysis. The chambers are designed to be placed over a snow and sea ice. When the lid is closed, CO2 concentration was measured. The opening and closing functions of the chambers are automated and were set to a 30 minutes interval. CO2 concentration (as voltage) were recorded in the data logger (CR10X, Campbell Scientific Inc.) and downloaded after the experiments. Raw data are contained in the excel files. During the CO2 flux measurement, we collected the snow, sea ice, brine/slush and under-ice water. Snow and sea ice samples were melted after sampling in PVDF film bags (like Tedlar bags in order to avoid gas exchange with ambient air) in 4C temperature and treated for analysis. A chemical analysis for carbonate systems and VOC (water), salinity, nutrient, pigment and oxygen isotopic ratio samples will take place in Japan after the voyage for analysis. During the cruise, to examine ice growth processes, we made sea ice thin-section to classify the ice cores into granular ice, columnar ice or mixed granular and columnar ice (Eicken and Lange, 1989). The CO2 data are contained in Excel spreadsheets. These use Japanese column headings. Calcium Carbonate (CACO3.6H20) as Ikaite in Sea Ice and Snow ----------- At each listed ice station we collected sea-ice cores using a Kovacs 9cm ice corer. Cores were sectioned into 10-20cm and melted at 4 degrees C, filtered and dried for later analysis of Calcium Carbonate in a home laboratory using an ICP, which produces text file outputs (included). Also included is a spreadsheet listing the cores, and the calcium carbonate measurements.

During the ice stations, measurements of the air CO2, concentration for CO2 flux between sea ice and atmosphere were made with the chamber technique. Air-sea ice CO2 fluxes were measured over the sea ice with semi-automated chambers. Sample air from the chamber is passed through Teflon tubes connected to non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer (Model 800, LICOR Inc., USA) that was connected to a system controller and data logger (Model 10x, Campbell Scientific Inc., USA), that controls the opening/closing of the chambers as well. During the observation period, the CO2 flux was measured under three different conditions or surface types: (1) a chamber was installed above snow; (2) over the bare ice after removing the snow; (3) slush layer after removing the snow and slush crystals. The CO2 concentration in the chamber was measured every 5 s during experiments lasting 20 minutes for each chamber. A one hour cycle of measurements therefore consist of three 20 minute periods from each chamber (i.e. surface type). Data available: excel files containing sampling station name for each spreadsheet, dates, sampling time and air CO2 concentration as output voltage from NDIR (to indicated as ppm we need to calculate, but, not yet done this process) in the air and chamber for CO2 flux measurement. Also see the record - SIPEX_II_Gas_Flux