This dataset contains information on the distribution of Penguins and their breeding colonies in the Australian Antarctic sector, as of 1983. It forms Australia's contribution to the International Survey of Antarctic Seabirds (ISAS). The results are listed in the documentation. These include counts of chicks, adults and nests, as well as colony distribution maps. The survey includes Emperor Penguins, Adelie Penguins, King Penguins, Gentoo Penguins, Macaroni Penguins, Rockhopper Penguins, Chinstrap Penguins and Royal Penguins. Original data were taken from ANARE Research Notes 9. Only data from the Australian Antarctic Territory is described in this metadata record. Images of rough maps detailing the locations of each of the colonies are available for download from the url given below. Observation and count data have been incorporated into the Australian Antarctic Data Centre's Biodiversity Database. The data are presented in the format of Croxall and Kirkwood (1979) as recommended by the Report of the Subcommittee on Bird Biology held in Pretoria. In the tables all counts are estimates of the number of breeding pairs except where otherwise indicated. The numerical estimates and counts are of three kinds, indicated by the coded N, C or A: NESTS (N = count of NESTS or breeding/incubating pairs) The most accurate count of breeding pairs is that derived from a count of nests. This is usually carried out during incubation, but may also be made while chicks are still in the nest, before creches are formed. Such counts are only underestimates of breeding pairs by the number of breeding failures sustained between egg laying and the date of the count. CHICKS (C = count of CHICKS) Late in the breeding season the only counts possible are those of chicks. In general most pygosceild penguins raise one chick per pair per season, so a count of chicks gives a reasonable approximation of the original number of breeding pairs. However, season to season variation in breeding success can often be considerable. For example Yeates (1968) reports breeding success in Adelie Penguins at Cape Royds of twenty-six per cent, forty-seven per cent and sixty-eight per cent ever three seasons. Also, Macaroni Penguins only raise approximately 0.5 chicks per pair per season, so that chick counts of this species may be a considerable underestimate of the true breeding population. ADULTS (A = count of ADULTS) Many colony counts and estimates were expressed as total number of birds or adults. These figures are difficult to interpret as they depend on the time during the breeding season at which they were made. For some days prior to and until laying is finished, both birds of a pair will be present at the nest site while during incubation it is more likely that only one bird will be present. A further problem with counts of 'birds' is that they may include individuals who are not breeding and this gives an overestimate of the true breeding population. The counts of 'birds' or 'adults' which appear unqualified in log books have been divided by two to give an estimate of the number of breeding pairs. It must be stressed therefore that these counts are the least accurate. The degree of accuracy of these counts is inevitably highly variable and it is often difficult to ascertain on what basis a figure was arrived at. For the present survey counts have been allocated to one of five degrees of accuracy. 1. Pairs/nests essentially individually counted. The count is probably accurate to better than + 5 per cent. 2. Numbers of pairs in a known area counted individually and knowing the total area of the colony, the overall total calculated. This technique is useful for very large colonies. 3. Accurate estimates; + 10-15 per cent accuracy. 4. Rough estimate; accurate to 25-50 per cent. 5. Guesstimate; to nearest order of magnitude. Many references are in the form ANARE (Johnstone) or simply ANARE. These refer to unpublished reports extracted from ANARE station biology logs. Those in the form Budd (1961) refer to published records and are listed in the references at the end of this publication. The locations of some colonies are indicated on maps. Place names that (as of 1983) have not yet been approved are shown in the tables and on the maps in parentheses, for example: (ROCKERY ISLAND).

See spreadsheets - Gentoo Experiment Details 18s Each number corresponds to each worksheet 1. Samples and Date Gentoo penguin scats were collected from Cumberland Bay, South Georgia (from the Maiviken colony). Visits were made weekly between 3 April and 19 Sep 2018 (one visit in June was missed owing to avalanche risk). During each of the 24 visits, 25 fresh scats were collected, producing a total of 600 samples. Samples were scooped into a 2 ml plastic screw-top tube containing 80% ethanol with a clean spatula and frozen at -20 degrees. DNA was extracted from ~30 mg of faecal material using the Promega Maxwell RSC Tissue DNA Kit. Each extraction contained a soft part or ~500ml of EtOH slurry. The samples were spun down, the EtOH was poured off, the sample was re-suspended in 120ul of S.T.A.R buffer and homogenised. 100ul of the supernatant was added to well number 1 and samples were eluted in 100ul of TE. 2. Plate Layout Samples were diluted 1/10 and plated out on 96 well plates. Each plate had a positive control (fish, squid, shrimp DNA mix) and a negative PCR control. 3. 1st Round PCR. All samples were analysed using a highly conserved metazoan primer set that amplifies a region of the nuclear 18S gene ( McInnes et al. 2017a). The first round PCR is to amplify the target marker and add sample-specific (7bp) multiplex-identifier (MID) tags (forward and reverse primer) and Illumina sequencing primers. See sheet for PCR conditions. 4. 2nd Round PCR The second round PCR is to add sequencing adapters and additional 8 bp MIDs. See sheet for PCR conditions. 5. Miseq MiSeq genome sequencer (Illumina), using the MISEQ V2 reagent kits (300 cycles). See sheet for sample layout, i5 and i7 adapters and first round MID tags ########################################################################################### See spreadsheet - Gentoo Experiment Details Fish and Krill The scat samples containing prey DNA sequences from the 18S analysis (n=222) were characterised with two other primer pairs allow species-level identification for fish and krill. 1. Samples The samples positive for prey DNA and their plate layout 2. and 3. 1st Round PCR Krill /Degenerate The first round PCR is to amplify the target marker and add sample-specific (6bp) multiplex-identifier (MID) tags (forward and reverse primer) and Illumina sequencing primers. See sheet for PCR conditions. 4. 2nd Round PCR The second round PCR is to add sequencing adapters and additional 10 bp MIDs. See sheet for PCR conditions. 5. Miseq MiSeq genome sequencer (Illumina), using the MISEQ V2 reagent kits (300 cycles). See sheet for sample layout, R and F adapters and first round MID tags. This work was completed as part of AAS project 4556.