In this project a simplified computer model was developed to reflect the variation and influences of sea ice on the atmosphere. The model was incorporated into a global general circulation model. The data set resulting from the project consists of simulated sea ice characteristics (concentration etc.) available on a regular global grid. From the abstracts of some of the referenced papers: An observed ocean-drift data set is used as the basis of a wind-driven coupled ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere model including interaction and feedback. The observed characteristics of the Antarctic sea ice are described including the ice thickness, ice concentration and horizontal advection. The atmospheric model computes heat fluxes, sea-ice growth, changes in concentration and advection. Sensitivity studies show reasonable and stable simulations of the observed sea-ice characteristics for the present mean Antarctic winter climate. The response times and feedbacks of the ice-atmosphere system as represented by the model appear to allow scope for the development of some persistence of anomalies. To assess the sensitivity of the southern hemisphere circulation to changes in the fraction of open water in the sea ice we have conducted four experiments with a July 21-wave General Circulation Model (GCM) with this fraction set to 5, 50, 80 and 100%. The mean surface temperatures and the surface atmospheric temperatures over the sea ice increased as the water fraction increased and the largest changes were simulated adjacent to the coast. Significant anomalies in the surface heat fluxes, particularly those of sensible heat, accompanied the decrease in the sea ice concentration. Substantial atmospheric warming was simulated over and in the vicinity of areas in which leads were considered. In all but one experiment there were anomalous easterlies between about 40 and 60S with westerly anomalies further to the south. The surface pressure at high latitudes appears to change in a consistent fashion with the fraction of open water, with the largest changes occurring in the Weddell and near the Ross Seas. Some of the feedbacks which may enhance the responses here, but which are not included in our model are discussed. We present a simple parameterisation of the effect of open leads in a general circulation model of the atmosphere. We consider only the case where the sea ice distribution is prescribed (ie not alternative) and the fraction of open water in the ice is also prescribed and set at the same value at all points in the Southern Hemisphere and a different value in the Northern Hemisphere. We approximate the distribution of sea ice over a model 'grid box' as a part of the box being covered by solid ice of uniform thickness and the complement of the box consisting of open water at a fixed -1.8 degrees C. Because of the nonlinearity in the flux computations, separate calculations are performed over the solid sea ice and over the open leads. The net fluxes conveyed to the atmosphere over the grid box are determined by performing the appropriate area-weighted average over the two surface types. We report on an experiment designed to assess the sensitivity of the modelled climate to the imposition of a 50% concentration in the winter Antarctic sea ice. Significant warming of up to 6 degrees C takes place in the vicinity of and above the Antarctic sea ice and is associated with significant changes in the zonal wind structure. Pressure reductions are simulated over the sea ice, being particularly marked in the Weddell Sea region, and an anomalous east-west aligned ridge is simulated at about 60S. Very large changes in the sensible heat flux (in excess of 200 W per square metre) are simulated near the coast of Antarctica. Increasingly, many aspects of the study of Antarctica and the high southern latitudes are being aided by various types of numerical models. Among these are the General Circulation Models (GCMs), which are powerful tools that can be used to understand the maintenance of present atmospheric climate and determine its sensitivity to proposed changes. The changes in the ability of GCMSs used over the last two decades to simulate aspects of atmospheric climate at high southern latitudes are traced and it is concluded there has been a steady improvement in model products. The task of assessing model climates in high southern latitudes is made difficult by the uncertainties in the data used for the climatological statistics. It is suggested that the quality of the climates produced by most modern GCMs in many aspects cannot be said to be poor, especially considering the uncertainties in 'observed' climate. There is obviously need for improvements in both modelling and observations. Finally, some topics are highlighted in which the formulation of models could be improved, with special reference to better treatment of physical processes at high southern latitudes.

Metadata record for data expected ASAC Project 1207 See the link below for public details on this project. ---- Public Summary from Project ---- Project title: 'Effects of variability in ocean surface forcing on the properties of SAMW and AAIW in the South Indian Ocean' This project will study the formation and subduction processes and the properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Sub-Antarctic Mode Water as simulated by an Ocean General Circulation model, with particular reference to the South Indian Ocean. The study will attempt to determine how its formation and properties are affected by interannual variations in SST and wind forcing and by differing prescriptions of mixing and convection processes occurring in mid-to high latitude oceanic frontal regions of the Southern Ocean. The investigation of the ocean response in the Indian Ocean will profit from the use of a model employing general orthogonal coordinates and efficient variable resolution grids which are global but concentrated in the Indian sector. From the abstracts of the referenced papers: This article considers how some of the measures used to overcome numerical problems near the North Pole affect the ocean solution and computational time step limits. The distortion of the flow and tracer contours produced by a polar island is obviated by implementing a prognostic calculation for a composite polar grid cell, as has been done at NCAR. The severe limitation on time steps caused by small zonal grid spacing near the pole is usually overcome by Fourier filtering, sometimes supplemented by the downward tapering of mixing coefficients as the pole is approached; however, filtering can be expensive, and both measures adversely affect the solution. Fourier filtering produces noise, which manifests itself in such effects as spurious static instabilities and vertical motions; this noise can be due to the separate and different filtering of internal and external momentum modes and tracers, differences in the truncation at different latitudes, and differences in the lengths of filtering rows, horizontally and vertically. Tapering has the effect of concentrating tracer gradients and velocities near the pole, resulting in some deformation of fields. In equilibrium ocean models, these effects are static and localised in the polar region, but with time-varying forcings or coupling to atmosphere and sea ice it is possible that they may seriously affect the global solution. The marginal stability curve in momentum and tracer time-step space should have asymptotes defined by diffusive, viscous, and internal gravity wave stability criteria; at large tracer time steps, tracer advection stability may become limiting. Tests with various time-step combinations and a flat-bottomed Arctic Ocean have confirmed the applicability of these limits and the predicted effects of filtering and tapering on them. They have also shown that the need for tapering is obviated by substituting a truncation which maintains a constant time step limit rather than a constant minimum wave number over the filtering range. Continuous and finite difference forms of the governing equations are derived for a version of the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean general circulation model which has been recast in orthogonal, transversely curvilinear coordinates. The coding closely follows the style of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory modular ocean model No. 1. Curvilinear forms are given for the tracer, internal momentum, and stream function calculations, with the options of horizontal and isopycnal diffusion, eddy-induced transport, nonlinear viscosity, and semiimplicit treatment of the Coriolis force. The model is designed to operate on a rectangular three-dimensional array of points and can accomodate reentrant boundary conditions at both 'northern' and 'east-west' boundaries. Horizontal grid locations are taken as input and need to be supplied by a separate grid generation program. The advantages of using a better behaved and more economical grid in the north polar region are investigated by comparing simulations performed on two curvilinear grids with one performed on a latitude-longitude grid and by comparing filtered and unfiltered latitude-longitude simulations. Resolution of horizontally separated currents in Fram Strait emerges as a key challenge for representing exchanges with the Arctic in global models. It is shown that a global curvilinear grid with variable resolution is an efficient way of providing a high density of grid points in a particular region. In equilibrium experiments using asynchronous time steps, this type of grid has been found to allow a better representation of smaller-scale features in the high-resolution region while maintaining contact with the rest of the World Ocean, provided that lateral mixing coefficients be scaled with grid size so as to maintain marginal numerical stability. In this study, the region of interest is the southern Indian Ocean and, in particular, that of the South Indian Ocean Current. In all experiments, decreased viscosities and diffusivities were found to control tracer gradients on isopycnals but not isopycnal slopes, while thickness diffusivities controlled isopycnal slopes but only to a small degree tracer gradients. Changes to mixing coefficients in the coarse part of the grid had hardly any influence on the frontal properties examined, although they did affect currents in the Indian Ocean to some extent via their control on size of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Pacific-Indian Throughflow.